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Potential for greater total antigen dose |
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Higher levels |
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Prolonged expression |
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Expression persists until terminated by an
effective immune response |
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Potential for inducing cellular and humoral
mucosal immune responses |
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Induces proinflammatory cytokines and
costimulatory molecules |
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May more readily overcome subtype-specific
immunity |
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Low seroprevalence |
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34% seropositive in new recruits |
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Extensive safety record |
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Now has been given enterically to >10 million
people (Gaydos et al, Military Med, 1995) |
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Extensively studied for shedding, safety, and
transmissibility |
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E3 deletion previously shown to enhance
pulmonary pathology |
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E3 insert abrogates this effect (Patterson et
al, 2002). |
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May be shed up to 2 years |
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Prolonged shedding is infrequent and at very low
levels. |
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Not typically associated with Ad4 |
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Some Adenoviruses are oncogenic in rodents. |
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Not
associated with Ad 4 |
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Oncogenesis not observed in humans |
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Selective infection of the GI tract does not
typically result in upper respiratory or other attributable disease. |
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Seropositive subjects are infectable. |
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Disease (sore throat, rhinorrhea, occ. fever)
can result from IN administration to seronegatives. |
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Ad4 is not commonly transmitted in a community
or household setting. |
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<0.2% of 1,792 isolates in children (Brandt
et al, 1969) |
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Intimate contact is required for transmission
during enteric shedding. |
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